In this cluster, projects deal with the means of participation, particularly focusing on the media and technologies that enable, facilitate, disable or hinder participation, i.e. they are concerned with the questions of how modes and degrees of participation are medially prefigured and framed. In addition, projects situated in this cluster examine the aesthetic make-up of participatory practices, shed light on the relationship between media change (induced by e.g. the invention of the printing press, the emergence of a bourgeois public sphere in the 18th and 19th century, and the establishment of web 2.0 technologies) and participation as well as on the different ways of using media in a ‘participatory’ way.