# 3.02.085 Übung: Additional Grammar Practice
# Aufgabenblatt: VIPS Template with Exercises
# Beginn: 2019-06-12 14:00:00

Name: Expression in academic writing (1) - register
ZU-Frage: The sentences on the left all contain a phrasal verb (in **bold**). For each example, choose the __more formal single verb__ which you could use instead %%WITHOUT%% changing the meaning.
Tipp:
You may find a monolingual dictionary useful when completing this task - see the list here: https://www.uni-oldenburg.de/en/english-american/student-guide/language-practice-resources

--##~Note:## 
The expression "**put paid to**" is much more common in British English than in North America.--
\Tipp
Vorgabe: The residents were not willing to **put up with** the poor infrastructure any longer.
Antwort: tolerate
Vorgabe: The government has decided to **put off** the decision until after the next election.
Antwort: postpone
Vorgabe: The council finally agreed to **pull down** the derelict building and use the space for something else.
Antwort: demolish
Vorgabe: This essay will **look at** the effects of e-books on close reading skills.
Antwort: explore
Vorgabe: People really should **cut down on** the amount they fly if they are concerned about the environment.
Antwort: reduce
Vorgabe: Unemployment rates are likely to **drop off** in the third quarter as a result of seasonal employment.
Antwort: decline
Vorgabe: If the DJ keeps playing cheesy 80s pop the whole evening, it will really **put paid to**>>~>> the mood of the party!
Antwort: wreck
Vorgabe: The students were asked to **put up** their hands if they had any questions.
Antwort: raise
Vorgabe: If Brexit goes ahead as planned, then the fees for European students studying in Britain are likely to **go up**.
Antwort: rise
Vorgabe: The fragementary structure of the writing allows the author to **get** a sense of the narrator's splintered consciousness **across** to readers.
Antwort: convey
Vorgabe: The researchers originally intended to **hand out** paper copies of their questionnaire, but they ultimately decided to run an online survey instead.
Antwort: distribute
Vorgabe: The goal of the conference was for the world leaders to **iron out** their differences before releasing a final statement.
Antwort: resolve

Name: Expression in academic writing (2) - hedging
L'text: Look at the following sentence:

**British students have 13.9 hours of timetabled tutorials, seminars and lectures a week.**>>~>>

This statement is not completely true in every situation. Rewrite it using the following expressions **in bold** to make the claim more accurate. Do not change the form of the expression, and do not change anything else in the sentence!

1) Expression to add: **typically**
British students [[typically have|*have typically|*typically|*are typically having|*are having typically|typically attend|*typically spend|*may typically have]] 13.9 hours of timetabled tutorials, seminars and lectures a week.

2) Expression to add: **on average**
British students [[have on average|have, on average,|on average have|on average, have|*have an average of|*on average|*spend on average|*on average spend|*on average will have]] 13.9 hours of timetabled tutorials, seminars and lectures a week.

3) Expression to add: **average**
The [[average British student|*average British students|*averagely|*average|*average of British students|*average student|*british students average]] has 13.9 hours of timetabled tutorials, seminars and lectures a week.

4) Expression to add: **approximately**
British students [[have approximately|*approximately have|*will have approximately]] 14 hours of timetabled tutorials, seminars and lectures a week.

~Source: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/may/17/students-time-lecturers
\L'text
Tipp:
For information on **cautious language** and **hedging**, see here: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe-writing-centre/develop-academic-voice/caution-hedging
\Tipp
Abgleich: Kleinbuchstaben

Name: Expression in academic writing (3) - stating a position
L'text: __Expressing stance, hedging and making claims__

Read the sentences carefully and then choose a word from the drop down list that expresses the author's attitude (explained in %%italics%% after each example. **Use each answer only once.** There is one answer you will not need! 

1. The visiting lecturer was surprised by the students' [[seeming|*to some extent|*apparent|*so-called|*supposedly|*in principle|*principal|*arguably|*allegedly]] lack of respect for authority. 
%%It looked like the students did not respect authority, but that may not actually be the case.%%

2. The warring parties have agreed [[*seeming|*to some extent|*apparent|*so-called|*supposedly|in principle|*principal|*arguably|*allegedly]] on the terms for a ceasefire.
%%Yes, but the details have not been settled and it may not happen.%%

3.  The internships were [[*seeming|*to some extent|*apparent|*so-called|supposedly|*in principle|*principal|*arguably|*allegedly]] open to students from a range of disciplines.
%%In reality, only those studying for a business degree had a chance.%%

4. The author's belief in the importance of smaller class sizes raises an [[*seeming|*to some extent|apparent|*so-called|*supposedly|*in principle|*principal|*arguably|*allegedly]] contradiction.
%%At first glance this seems to be a contradiction, but I will go on to show that it is not.%%

5. Evening journeys to London will take up to twenty minutes longer than usual as a result of the [[*seeming|*to some extent|*apparent|so-called|*supposedly|*in principle|*principal|*arguably|*allegedly]] improvements to the timetable.
%%The train company has described the timetable changes as 'improvements', but I strongly disagree with this.%%

6. The heavy focus on standardized testing in education [[*seeming|*to some extent|*apparent|*so-called|*supposedly|*in principle|*principal|arguably|*allegedly]] leaves little space for innovation in creative teaching and learning.
%%I believe this position can be supported by the facts, but there %%might%% be another way to see things.%%

7. The [[*seeming|*to some extent|*apparent|*so-called|*supposedly|*in principle|principal|*arguably|*allegedly]] reason so many studies into language teaching methodology involve university students is that they are easily accessible to academic researchers.
%%There are other reasons but this is the most important.%%

8. Students' decisions on where to spend their year abroad are limited [[*seeming|to some extent|*apparent|*so-called|*supposedly|*in principle|*principal|*arguably|*allegedly]] by their budgets.
%%This is an important factor but I don't believe it is the main one.%%
\L'text
Tipp:
On **stance** in academic writing, see here: http://www.uefap.com/writing/function/stance.htm
On **hedging** - with a number of practice tasks - see here: http://aeo.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/Files/Hedging/Hedging.html
If you are struggling with individual words, see here: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
\Tipp

Name: Expression in academic writing (4) - synonyms
L'text: In each sentence here, the expression using the word "**__make__**" has a slightly different meaning. Choose the correct synonym for each example from the  drop-down list. Each word should only be used **once**.

1. My sister is planning **to make** her own wedding cake. [[=bake|*=produce|*=manufacture|*=become|*=ensure|*=force|*=earn|*=keep an appointment|*=arrive|*=direct]]
2. Professional tennis players **make** an extraordinary amount of money. [[*=bake|*=produce|*=manufacture|*=become|*=ensure|*=force|=earn|*=keep an appointment|*=arrive|*=direct]]
3. The mugger **made** me hand over my phone. [[*=bake|*=produce|*=manufacture|*=become|*=ensure|=force|*=earn|*=keep an appointment|*=arrive|*=direct]]
4. That old table has really **made** a wonderful desk. [[*=bake|*=produce|*=manufacture|=become|*=ensure|*=force|*=earn|*=keep an appointment|*=arrive|*=direct]]
5. I'm afraid I can't **make** it to the meeting on Tuesday - I've got to go to the dentist. [[*=bake|*=produce|*=manufacture|*=become|*=ensure|*=force|*=earn|=keep an appointment|*=arrive|*=direct]]
6. Parma ham is **made** in Italy. [[*=bake|=produce|*=manufacture|*=become|*=ensure|*=force|*=earn|*=keep an appointment|*=arrive|*=direct]]
7. The multinational clothing company **makes** a lot of its garments in Bangladesh. [[*=bake|*=produce|=manufacture|*=become|*=ensure|*=force|*=earn|*=keep an appointment|*=arrive|*=direct]]
8. I can just about **make myself understood** in Polish, but I certainly do not speak it fluently.[[*=bake|*=produce|*=manufacture|*=become|=ensure|*=force|*=earn|*=keep an appointment|*=arrive|*=direct]]
9. The transfer passengers **made it** to the gate just in time to board the plane. [[*=bake|*=produce|*=manufacture|*=become|*=ensure|*=force|*=earn|*=keep an appointment|=arrive|*=direct]]
10. Peter Jackson **made** the %%Lord of the Rings%% trilogy. [[*=bake|*=produce|*=manufacture|*=become|*=ensure|*=force|*=earn|*=keep an appointment|*=arrive|=direct]]
\L'text

Name: Reformulation (1) - word formation
L'text: For each question, fill the gap and complete the statement by using and adapting the **base word** given **in bold** at the end of the sentence. The required word may be a __noun__, __adverb__, __adjective__ or __verb__ and it may be either __positive__ (e.g. %%helpful%%) or __negative__ (e.g. %%unhelpful%%). 

An example is given above.

--
1. The [[abolition|*abolishment|*abolish|*abrogation|*abandoning|*aboliotion|*end|*abolishing|*abolishen|*resolution|*abolution|*aboltion]] of slavery was not always popular in the American South. **(abolish)**

2. The Westminster political system [[originates|originated|has its origins|had its origins|*origined|*is originated|*has its origin|*roots|*was originated|*has it origins|*has origin|*originates from|*emerged|had it's origins|*origins|*originate]] in Britain. **(origin)**

3. Some American colonists fled to Canada after the Revolution and pledged their [[|loyalty|*loyality|*loyalness]] to the king of England. **(loyal)**

4. Many plants found in the Australian outback, such as %%nardoo%%, are only [[edible|*eatable|*eaten|*eating|*inedible|*unedible|*uneatable|*eatalbe]] after being cooked. **(eat)** >>~>>

5. South Africa experienced a period of rapid [[economic|*economical|*economy|*uneconomic]] growth after the end of apartheid. **(economy)** >>§>>

_ _

~ On nardoo, see here: http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/03/08/2041341.htm
>>§>> On South Africa, see here: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-23041513
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Tipp:
##Example:## 
A benchmark is a measure of  [__performance__] that serves as a standard for evaluating other results. **(perform)**
\Tipp

Name: Reformulation (2) - further word formation
L'text: For each question, fill the gap and complete the statement by using and adapting the **base word** given **in bold** at the end of the sentence. The required word may be a __noun__, __adverb__, __adjective__ or __verb__ and it may be either __positive__ (e.g. %%helpful%%) or __negative__ (e.g. %%unhelpful%%). 

An example is given above.
--

1. The [[simplicity|*simple|*easiness|*simpleness]] of the plan is another point in its favour. **(simple)**

2. Gentrification has resulted in the [[destruction|*destuction|*extinction|*demolition|*distruction]] of entire communities. **(destroy)**

3. Voice recognition software can only recognise a [[finite|limited|restricted|*ristricted|*infinite|*limits|*final|*finalised]] number of spoken commands. **(final)**

4. It is a common [[misconception|*conception|*misconceive|*misconceival|*misconcepted|*misconcept|*concept|*misconceptions]] that Viking helmets had horns - most of them did not. **(concept)** >>~>>

5. Officials from the IOC and WADA>>§>> must follow specific protocols when they [[administer|*administrate|*administration|are administering|*are administrating|*adminster|*admiister]] out-of-competition drug tests. **(administer**) 

_ _

~ On Viking helmets, see here: https://www.vox.com/2016/4/29/11526568/vikings-horned-helmets. 
>>§>>  **IOC** = International Olympic Committee; **WADA** = World Anti-Doping Agency
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Tipp:
##Example:## 
A benchmark is a measure of  [__performance__] that serves as a standard for evaluating other results. **(perform)**
\Tipp
Abgleich: Kleinbuchstaben

Name: Reformulation (3) - sentence structure
L'text: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. You __cannot change that word in any way__! 
(%%An example is given above.%%)
--

1. (**Despite**) Even though the student only started studying at the last minute, she still passed the exam.
→ [[Despite only starting studying|Despite only having started studying|Despite only having started to study|Despite only starting to study|Despite the fact that the student only started studying|Despite the student only starting studying|Despite the student only having started studying|Despite her only starting studying|Despite her only having started studying|Despite starting studying|Despite having started studying|Despite having started to study|Despite starting to study|Despite the fact that the student started studying|Despite the student starting studying|Despite the student having started studying|Despite her starting studying|Despite her having started studying|*Despite only having started|*Despite the student only started to study|*Despite that the student only started studying|*Despite the student only started studying|*Despite studying|*Despite the fact that the students only started studying|*despite having started|Despite the student only starting to study|*Despite the student's starting studying only|*Despite the fact that she started studying|Despite the fact the student only started studying]] at the last minute, she still passed the exam.


2. (**against**) Lecturers normally advise students not to do this. 
→ Students [[are normally advised against|*are advised against|*are advised normally against|*are advised against normally|*are normally adviced against|*are adviced against|*are adviced normally against|*are adviced against normally|are normally advised by their lecturers against|are normally advised by lecturers against|*were normally adivised by their lecturers against|*were normally advised against|*were normally adivsed by their lecturers against|*normally advised against|*normally are advised by lecturers against|*are normally advised by lectures against|*are advised by their lecturers against|*are normally adviced by lecturers against|*were normally advised by lecturers against|*act against their lecturers advice|normally act against their lecturers' advice in|*normally are advised against|*are normally told against|*behave against the lecturers advise in|*normally get advised against|*are normallyadviced by lecturers against|*were advised against]] doing this.


3.  (**improvement**) The final essay is much better than the first draft. 
→ The final essay [[is a major improvement on|is an improvement on|is a big improvement on|is a great improvement compared to|is a significant improvement compared with|is a big improvement compared to||is an improvement compared to|shows great improvement compared to|shows much improvement compared to|shows improvement on|is a major improvement compared to|is a real improvement compared to|was a real improvement in contrast to|is a huge improvement compared to|shows a big improvement compared to|is a vast improvement compared to|is a substantial improvement compared to|is a great improvement on|is a major improvement from|is a huge improvement from|is a big improvement from|is a vast improvement from|*is an improvement from|*is much of an improvement compared to|*is a much better improvement to|*shoves a lot of  improvement over|*is an improvement to|*is a great improvement over|*is an improvement of|*iss a huge improvement to|*was a huge improvement to|*is a good improvement to|*is a big improvement to|*shows huge improvement over|*is a big improvement over|*is a great improvement in comparison to|*is a big improvement of|*showes much of the improvement compared to|*shows great improvement over|*shows real  improvement to|*saw large improvement compared to|*is an improvement towards|*shoves huge improvement over|*achieved improvement to|*was an improvement to|*shows signs of improvement compared to|*was a real improvement in comparison to|*is an improvement over|*is a big improvement for|*was an improvement compared to|*is a huge improvement to|*is a great improvement to|*is a real improvement to|*has been an improvement to|*showed improvement to|*shows a lot of improvement to|*achieved improvement in comparison to|*is an improvement compared with|*provides improvement compared to|*signifies a remarkable improvement compared to|*made improvement compared to|*shows a big improvement over|*is a big improvement in contrast to|*got more improvement than|*is a marked improvement over|*was an immense improvement to|*shows improvement compared to|*is a real improvement over|*shows a significant improvement towards|*is a real improvement|*showes huge improvement over|*shows alot of improvement to|*shows improvement to|*had a lot improvement compared to|*shows improvement over|*is a considerable improvement of|*was an improvement of|*was a big improvement from|*is an improvement in comparision to|is an improvement in comparison to|*in an improvement over|*shows significant improvement to|*was a great improvement compared to]] the first draft. 


4. (**advantage**) The student really made the most of the opportunity to work on it!
→ The student really [[took advantage of|*got an advantage from|*take the advantage of|*took advantage from|*take advantage from|*took andvantage from|*took an advantage of|*took the advantage for|*took the advantage of|*took advantage of the|*took advantage|*had an advantage by taking|*took the most advantage of|*took the advantage and|*got an advantage of|*had an advantage from|*took adventage of|*used the advantage of|*took advatntage of|*had an advantage with|*take advantage of|*took advantage off|*takes advantage of|*made an advantage out of]] the opportunity to work on it!



5. (**guarantee**) We cannot promise that you will get a place in your preferred course next semester.
→ There [[is no guarantee that|is no guarantee|is no guarantee from us that|will be no guarantee that|won't be a guarantee that|will not be a guarantee that|*is a guarantee|*is a no guarantee that|*There is no guarantee that|*will be no guarantee|won't be any guarantee that|*cannot guarantee thAT]] you will get a place in your preferred course next semester.


6. (**disseminated**) Digital technologies allow us to distribute information much more rapidly than in the past.
→ Digital technologies allow [[information to be disseminated|*us to disseminate information|*us that information is disseminated|*information being disseminated|*disseminated information to be|*information to be disseminated by us|for infomation to be disseminated|*information to get disseminated|*disseminated information]] much more rapidly than in the past.

##END##
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Tipp:
#EXAMPLE:#
The author  [__believes that__] more research is needed on this issue.
**convinced**
The author  [**is convinced that**] more research is needed on this issue.
\Tipp
Abgleich: Kleinbuchstaben