• Two hands in blue protective gloves are holding the measuring cell. It is white, about the size of a telephone and connected with cables.

    In a measuring cell developed in-house, the team examined lithium electrodes using electrochemical scanning microscopy. Photo: Bastian Krueger

A look inside a battery

Lithium-based batteries and accumulators have become indispensable as energy storage devices. Chemists led by Gunther Wittstock have developed a new method for observing processes on the surface of electrodes during operation.

 

Lithium-based batteries and accumulators have become indispensable as energy storage devices. Chemists led by Gunther Wittstock have developed a new method for observing processes on the surface of electrodes during operation.

What happens inside a battery at the microscopic level during charging and discharging processes? A team of scientists led by Prof. Dr. Gunther Wittstock of the University of Oldenburg’s Chemistry Department recently presented a new technique for live observation of processes that until now have been largely unobservable in the scientific journal ChemElectroChem. According to the researchers, this new technique could accelerate the search for suitable materials for innovative batteries, with the ultimate objective of developing eco-friendlier energy storage devices that are more durable and have a higher power density. Scientists from the battery research centre MEET (Münster Electrochemical Energy Technology) at the University of Münster are also on the team.    

Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. During this process, charged particles cross from a positively charged electrode, the cathode, to the negative anode. In many modern batteries and rechargeable batteries, reactive metal lithium is an important component of the anode. During operation, ultra-thin layers form on the surface which protect both the electrode and the battery fluid from decomposition. Until now, however, it has been almost impossible to directly observe the changes that take place in these complex layers – just a few millionths of a metre (micrometres) thick – during charging and discharging cycles.

Like a flipbook

The team has developed a new measuring principle to obtain local, high-resolution information about the surface of metallic lithium electrodes during battery operation. "Over time, chemical processes on the electrode’s surface can have a major impact on the durability and performance of a battery," said Wittstock. The researchers used scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for their analysis. This procedure involves scanning a measuring probe across the surface of a sample to collect chemical information at intervals of a just a few micrometres. Special software then translates the measured data into a coloured image. "By repeating this process several times we can track changes on the sample’s surface like in a flipbook," Wittstock explained.

Bastian Krueger, a PhD student of Wittstock's Physical Chemistry research group, developed a special measuring cell in which experimental conditions – such as current intensity – essentially corresponded to those in a real battery. The chemist tested various cell assemblies which he produced using 3D printers and CNC micro-milling machines. Luis Balboa, another PhD student of the same group, carried out computer simulations to optimise the cell geometry that recreate realistic experimental conditions. The team from Munster contributed reference samples.

Damaging deposits

With this setup, the scientists were able to observe the processes on the lithium anode with an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They observed how, at high charging speeds, lithium from the battery fluid was deposited on the anode. These locally reinforced deposits can develop into so-called dendrites – branching extensions of lithium on the electrode. Such formations limit the durability of batteries and in extreme cases can even cause their destruction.

“The breakthrough in our study consists in the fact that for the first time ever we were able to carry out such processes at realistic current densities directly within the measuring apparatus and visually monitor their effects,” Wittstock stressed. The technique could also be used on other types of electrodes, he added, explaining that the long-term objective was to study how different pre-treatment steps influence the formation of a protective boundary layer on electrodes.    

The work is part of the cooperation project “Alternative Materials and Components for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries” (AMaLiS), which receives funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) until the end of 2020. The goal is to design innovative battery components and at the same time develop techniques for testing these components.

This might also be of interest to you:

Close-up of a sample measuring approximately 1 cm by 1 cm, which is clamped in a holder and located in the vacuum chamber.
Research Top News Chemistry

Turning carbon dioxide into useful chemicals

Artificial photosynthesis is the subject of a new research group at the Institute of Chemistry. The team aims to develop precious-metal-free catalyst…

more
A lithium-air battery cell in front of a test stand. Photo: Fraunhofer IFAM
Top News Chemistry

Towards the batteries of the future

They are regarded as possible high-energy electricity storage devices of the next generation: lithium-air batteries. A research project with Oldenburg…

more
A person wearing gloves makes adjustments to the 3D printer with tubes sticking out of it.
Top News Chemistry

Printing atom by atom

A research team led by chemist Dmitry Momotenko has developed a new 3D printing technique for manufacturing ultrasmall metallic objects. The…

more
Presse & Kommunikation (Changed: 20 Nov 2024)  | 
Zum Seitananfang scrollen Scroll to the top of the page