Literature to get started:

1. D. Meschede: "Optics, light and lasers", Springer (2008)
2. W. Demtröder: "Laser Spectroscopy", Springer (2008)
3. J. Eichler, H.-J. Eichler: "Lasers: Designs, Beam Guidance, Applications", Springer (2010)
4. Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, Springer (2012)
5. O. Svelto: "Principles of Lasers", Springer (2010)
6. M. Eichhorn: "Laser Physics", Springer (2014)

Keywords for preparation:

• Stimulated emission
• Amplifying media
• resonators
• Longitudinal modes, cw operation, Q-switch operation, mode-locked operation (this will be discussed in detail in the next lecture, so only briefly outline it here)
• Transverse modes
• Gaussian beam propagation

Literature to get started:

1. C. Rulliere: "Femtosecond Laser Pulses", Springer (2005)
2. Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, Springer (2012)
3. M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion and T. Baumert. "Short and Ultrashort Laser Pulses" In: "Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics", Springer (2012)
4. M. Wollenhaupt, T. Bayer and T. Baumert: "Control of ultrafast electron dynamics with shaped femtosecond laser pulses: from atoms to solids" In: "From atoms and molecules to clusters, nanostructures and solids. Recent research topics using novel light sources", Springer (manuscript)
5. O. Svelto: "Principles of Lasers", Springer (2010)
6. Femto-World of the University of Würzburg
7. G. Mourou, D. Umstadter: "Extrem intensiv Laserblitze", Spektrum der Wissenschaft (2002)
8. U. Keller: "Recent developments in compact ultrafast lasers", Nature 424 (2003) 831.
9. A.M. Weiner: "Ultrafast Optics", Wiley (2009)
10. U. Keller: "Ultrafast Lasers: A Comprehensive Introduction to Fundamental Principles with Practical Applications", Springer (2021)

Keywords for preparation:

• Mode coupling (active, passive)
• Kerr lens
• Bandwidth product
• Examples: Titanium:Sapphire and others
• Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)
• Dispersion management (prism sequences, gratings, etc., will be discussed in detail in the next lecture, so a brief qualitative description will suffice here)

Literature to get started:

1. C. Rulliere: "Femtosecond Laser Pulses", Springer (2005)
2. M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion and T. Baumert. "Short and Ultrashort Laser Pulses" In: "Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics", Springer (2012)
3. M. Wollenhaupt, T. Bayer and T. Baumert: "Control of ultrafast electron dynamics with shaped femtosecond laser pulses: from atoms to solids" In: "From atoms and molecules to clusters, nanostructures and solids. Recent research topics using novel light sources", Springer (manuscript)
4. A.M. Weiner: "Femtosecond pulse shaping using spatial light modulators", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71 (2000) 1929
5. A.M. Weiner: "Ultrafast optical pulse shaping: A tutorial review", Opt. Comm. 284 (2011) 3669
6. A.M. Weiner: "Ultrafast Optics", Wiley (2009)
7. A. Monmayrant, S. Weber and B. Chatel: "A newcomer's guide to ultrashort pulse shaping and characterisation", J. Phys. B 43 (2010) 103001
8. Lecture notes Wollenhaupt "Ultrashort laser pulses: fundamentals and applications" (in Stud.IP)

Keywords for preparation:

• Material dispersion
• group velocity dispersion
• Angular dispersion / pulse compression / lattice compressor
• Possibly practical experiment "virtual femtolab" for illustration
• Phase modulation / phase masks
• Experimental realisation of a phase, amplitude and polarisation pulse shaper (LC-SLM)
• Alternatives (Dazzler)

Literature to get started:

1. Textbooks on laser physics (see topics 1 and 2)
2. R.W. Boyd: "Nonlinear Optics", Academic Press, 2008
3. G. Cerullo, A. Baltuska, O.D. Mücke and C. Vozzi: "Few-opitcal-cycle light pulses with passive carrier-envelope stabilisation", Laser Phot. Rev. 5 (2011) 323
4. U. Keller: "Ultrafast Lasers: A Comprehensive Introduction to Fundamental Principles with Practical Applications", Springer (2021)

Keywords for preparation:

• Second Harmonic Generation (SHG)
• phase matching
• Self-phase modulation (SPM) and white light generation
• As an example of self-phase modulation: Präkelt et al.: "Filling a spectral hole via self-phase modulation", Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 (2005) 121113
• Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
• Four-wave mixing (CARS)
• Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA or NOPA)

Literature to get started:

1. R. Trebino: "Frequency resolved optical gating", Trebino homepage
2. Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, Springer (2012)
3. M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion and T. Baumert. "Short and Ultrashort Laser Pulses" In: "Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics", Springer (2012)
4. Lecture Wollenhaupt "Ultrashort Laser Pulses: Fundamentals and Applications" (in Stud.IP)
5. Practical experiment "Virtual femtolab"
6. A. Monmayrant, S. Weber and B. Chatel: "A newcomer's guide to ultrashort pulse shaping and characterisation", J. Phys. B 43 (2010) 103001
7. I. A. Walmsley and C. Dorrer "Characterisation of ultrashort electromagnetic pulses", Adv. Opt. Phot. 1 (2009) 308

Keywords for preparation:

• Spectrum and first-order autocorrelation
• Second order autocorrelation
• cross-correlation
• FROG (Frequency Resolved Optical Gating)
• Spectral interference
• SPIDER (Spectral Interference for Direct Electric-field Reconstruction)

Literature to get started:

1. J.I. Steinfeld: "Molecules and Radiation", Dover Pubn Inc (2005)
2. Elements of Quantum Optics, Springer (2007)
3. Lecture notes Wollenhaupt "Ultrashort laser pulses: fundamentals and applications" (in Stud.IP)
4. B.W. Shore: "The theory of coherent atomic excitation", Wiley (1990)
5. B.W. Shore: "Coherent Manipulation of Atoms using Laser Light", Acta Phys. Slov. 58 (2008) 243
6. B.H. Bransden, C.J. Joacain: "Physics of Atoms and Molecules", Prentice Hall (2003)
7. L. Allen, J.H. Eberly: "Optical Resonance and Two-Level atoms", Dover (1975)
8. I. Hertel, C.-P. Schulz: "Atoms, Molecules and Optical Physics 1", Springer (2015)
9. I. Hertel, C.-P. Schulz: "Atoms, Molecules and Optical Physics 2", Springer (2015)

Keywords for preparation:

• Einstein's rate equations
• Schrödinger equation
• Perturbation calculus
• Multiphoton processes
• Two-state systems
• Rabi oscillations
• Absorption / stimulated emission
• Excitation with shaped laser pulses (preparation for topic 8)
• Coherent dynamics: wave packets (detailed treatment in the next topic 7, therefore only briefly outlined here)
• Simulations

Literature to get started:

1. B. Garraway, "Wave-packet dynamics: new physics and chemistry in femto time" Rep. Prog. Phys. 59 (1995) 365
2. S. Brandt, H.D. Dahmen "The picture book of quantum mechanics" Springer (2012)
3. M. Nauenberg: "Riesenatome - Grenzgänger der Quantenwelt", Spektrum der Wissenschaft (1994) 56
4. www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/zewail-lecture.pdf
5. A.H. Zewail (Nobel article) "Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond", J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000) 5660
6. Lecture notes "Ultrashort laser pulses: Fundamentals and applications" (in Stud.IP)

Keywords for preparation:

• Schrödinger equation
• Electronic potentials (harmonic / anharmonic oscillator, Morse potential, Lennard-Jones, etc.)
• Born-Oppenheimer approximation
• Eigenstates / coherent superposition of eigenstates
• Oscillatory wave packets (for illustration possibly: A. Assion, M. Geisler, J. Helbing, V. Seyfried and T. Baumert: "Femtosecond Pump-Probe Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Mapping of Vibrational Wave-Packet Motion", Phys. Rev. A 54 (1996) R4605
• Recurrence, Dephasing, Revival (for illustration possibly: T. Baumert, V. Engel, C. Röttgermann, W.T. Strunz and G. Gerber: "Femtosecond pump probe study of the spreading and recurrence of a vibrational wave packet in Na₂", Chem. Phys. Lett. 191 (1992) 639
• Franck-Condon principle
• Optical excitation of wave packets
• Simulations

Literature to get started:

1. P. Brumer and M. Shapiro "Quantum Control of Molecular Processes",^2nd Edition, Wiley (2011)
2. S.A. Rice and M. Zhao "Optical Control of Molecular Dynamics", Wiley (2000)
3. D.J. Tannor: "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: A Time-Dependent Perspective", University Science Books (2007)
4. D. Goswami: "Optical pulse shaping approaches to coherent control", Phys. Rep. 374 (2003) 385
5. B.W. Shore: "Coherent Manipulations of Atoms using Laser Ligth", Acta Phys. Slov. 58(2008) 243
6. N.V. Vitanov, T. Halfmann B.W. Shore and K. Bergmann: "Laser-Induced Population Transfer by Adiabatic Passage Techniques", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52 (2003) 763
7. H. Rabitz, R. de Vivie-Riedle, M. Motzkus and K. Kompa: "Whither the Future of Controlling Quantum Phenomena?", Science 288 (2000) 824

Keywords for preparation:

• N-level systems: Unperturbed states, dressed states, Bloch vector(N = 2)
• Weak field control:
• Brumer-Shapiro scheme
• Tannor-Kosloff-Rice scheme
• Spectral interference
• Strong-field control:
• Rapid Adiabatic Passage (RAP)
• Dynamic-Stark Control
• Selective Population of Dressed States (SPODS)
• Simulations

Literature to get started:

1. A.H. Zewail: Nobel article, J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000) 5660
2. A.H. Zewail: "The birth of molecules" Scientific American, December 1990, p. 76
3. Lecture notes Wollenhaupt "Femtochemistry" (in Stud.IP)
4. I.V. Hertel and W. Radloff: "Ultrafast dynamics in isolated molecules and clusters", Rep. Prog. Phys. 69 (2006) 1897
5. A. Stolow, A.E. Bragg and D.M. Neumark: "Femtosecond Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy", Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 1719

Keywords for preparation:

• Wave packets (Please discuss with the lecturer of topic 7)
• Observation: Pump-probe technique
• Detection: fluorescence, ions, photoelectrons - please provide a selected example in each case
• Simulations if necessary

Literature to get started:

1. T. Brixner, T. Pfeifer, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt and T. Baumert "Coherent Control of Atomic and Molecular Dynamics with Tailored Femtosecond Pulses" in "Femtosecond Laser Spectroscopy" Editor: P. Hannaford, Kluwer Series on Progress in Lasers , Chapter 9 (2004) 229
2. Lecture notes Wollenhaupt "Ultrashort Laser Pulses: Fundamentals and Applications" (in Stud.IP)
3. P. Brumer and M. Shapiro: "Laser control of chemical reactions", Scientific American (1995) 34
4. H. Rabitz, R. de Vivie-Riedle, M. Motzkus and K. Kompa: "Whither the Future of Controlling Quantum Phenomena?", Science 288 (2000) 824
5. T. Brixner and G. Gerber "Laser-optimised femtochemistry", Physikalische Blätter, 57 (2001) 33
6. S.A. Rice and M. Zhao "Optical Control of Molecular Dynamics", Wiley (2000)
7. P. Brumer and M. Shapiro "Quantum Control of Molecular Processes",^2nd Edition, Wiley (2011)

Keywords for preparation:

• Wave packets (please discuss with lecturers of topics 7 to 9)
• Bumer-Shapiro
• Tannor-Kosloff-Rice
• Adaptive / feedback control
• Simulations

Literature to get started:

1. P. Nuernberger, G. Vogt, T. Brixner, and G. Gerber, "Femtosecond quantum control of molecular dynamics in the condensed phase", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 (2007) 2470 and references therein
2. J.L. Herek, W. Wohlleben, R. Cogdell, D. Zeidler and M. Motzkus: "Quantum control of energy flow in light harvesting", Nature 417 (2001) 533
3. V.I. Prokhorenko, A.M. Nagy, S.A. Waschuk, L.S. Brown, R.R. Birge and R.J.D. Miller: "Coherent control of retinal isomerisation in bacteriorhodopsin", Science 313 (2006) 1257
4. J. Petersen, R. Mitric, V. Bonacic-Koutecky, J.P. Wolf, J. Roslund and H. Rabitz: "How shaped light discriminates nearly identical biochromophores", Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 073003
5. J. Schneider et.al.: "Efficient and robust strong-field control of population transfer in sensitizer dyes with designed femtosecond laser pulses", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 8733

Keywords for preparation:

• Emission spectroscopy
• Transient absorption spectroscopy
• A detailed example

Literature to get started:

1. S. Mukamel: "Principles of Nonlinear Optics and Spectroscopy", Oxford University Press (1995)
2. S. Mukamel: "Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy", Chapter 11 in: "Ultrafast Phenomena XII", Springer (2000)
3. S. Mukamel: "Multidimensional Femtosecond Correlation Spectroscopies of Electronic and Vibrational Excitations", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 51 (2000) 691
4. P. Hamm and M. Zanni: "Concepts and Methods of 2D Infrared Spectroscopy", Cambridge University Press (2011)
5. Y. Silberberg: "Quantum coherent control for nonlinear spectroscopy and microscopy", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 60 (2009) 277
6. D.M. Jonas: "Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54 (2003) 425
7. P. Hamm, J. Helbing and J. Bredenbeck: "Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Photoswitchable Peptides", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 59 (2008) 291
8. Ch. Kolano, J. Helbing, M. Kozinski, W. Sander and P. Hamm: "Watching Hydrogen-Bond Dynamics in a β-Turn by Transient 2D-IR Spectroscopy", Nature 444 (2006) 469
9. P. Tian, D. Keusters, Y. Suzaki and W.S. Warren: "Femtosecond Phase-Coherent Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy", Science 300 (2003) 1553
10. T. Brixner et al.: "Two-dimensional spectroscopy of electronic couplings in photosynthesis", Nature 434 (2005) 625

Keywords for preparation:

• Structure of molecules (degrees of freedom: rotation, vibration, electronic excitation)
• Vibrational spectroscopy
• IR spectroscopy
• Raman spectroscopy (CARS, SRS, etc.)
• Single beam techniques: use of ultrashort laser pulses and pulse shaping techniques
• 2D electronic spectroscopy
• Excitation of and coupling between vibrational modes or electronic states

Literature to get started:

1. General textbooks on optics and microscopy
2. M. Müller "Introduction to confocal fluorescence microscopy", Shaker Publishing, 2002
3. Lichtmann "Confocal microscopy" Spektrum der Wissenschaft, October 1994, p. 78
4. Wolschin "Light microscopy reveals three-dimensional genome structure" Spektrum der Wissenschaft, September 2000, p. 22
5. Denk, Strickler, Webb "Two-Photon Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy", Science 248 (1990) 73

Keywords for preparation:

• Light microscopy
• resolving power
• Point spread function (PSF)
• Confocal microscopy
• Dyes
• Two-photon microscopy
• Possibly STED microscopy

Literature to get started:

1. K. Sugioka, M. Meunier and A. Piqué: "Laser Precision Microfabrication", Springer (2010)
2. Mao et al: "Dynamics of femtosecond laser interactions with dielectrics", Appl. Phys. A 79 (2004) 1695
3. Vogel et al.: "Mechanism of femtosecond laser nanosurgery of cells and tissues", Appl. Phys. B 81 (2005) 1015
4. Kaiser et al.: "Microscopic processes in dielectrics under irradiation by subpicosecond laser pulses", Phys. Rev. B 61 (2000) 11437
5. B. Rethfeld: "Free-electron generation in laser-irradiated dielectrics", Phys. Rev. B 73 (2006) 035101
6. L. Englert, B. Rethfeld, L. Haag, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran and T. Baumert: "Control of ionisation processes in high band gap materials via tailored femtosecond pulses", Opt. Expr. 15 (2007) 17855

Keywords for preparation:

• Multiphoton Ionisation (MPI)
• tunnel ionisation
• Avalanche ionisation
• Drude plasma

(The literature references should only help to motivate the field - in the lecture the essential ionisation mechanisms should be explained)

Literature to get started:

On structure elucidation using diffraction methods:

1. General textbooks of solid state physics

On ultrafast electron diffraction:

1. Srinivasan, Lobastov, Ruan and A.H. Zewail: "Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) - A new Development for the 4D Determination of transient molecular structures", Helvetica Chimica Acta 86 (2003) 1763
2. B. Siwick et al.: "An atomic-level view of melting using femtosecond electron diffraction", Science 302 (2003) 1382

On ultrafast X-ray diffraction:

1. M. Bargheer, N. Zhavoronkov, Y. Gritsai, J. C. Woo, D. S. Kim, M. Woerner, and T. Elsaesser: "Coherent atomic motions in a nanostructure studied by femtosecond x-ray diffraction", Science 306 (2004) 1771

Keywords for preparation:

• X-ray diffraction
• electron diffraction
• Discuss one example each of time-resolved X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction

Literature to get started:

1. M. Krug, Diplom thesis (2005) and doctoral thesis (2011)
2. C. Bordas, F. Pauling, H. Helm and D. L. Huestis: "Photoelectron imaging spectrometry: Principle and inversion method", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67 (1996) 2257
3. A.T.J.B. Eppink and D.H. Parker: "Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 (1997) 3477
4. R. Wiehle, B. Witzel, H. Helm and E. Cormier: "Dynamics of strong-field above-threshold ionisation of argon: Comparison between experiment and theory", Phys. Rev. A 67 (2003) 063405-1
5. B. Whitaker: "Imaging in Molecular Dynamics", Cambridge (2003)
6. G.A. Garcia, L. Nahon and I. Powis: "Two-dimensional charged particle image inversion using a polar basis function expansion", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 (2004) 4989
7. M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug and T. Baumert: "Electron waves made to measure", Physik Journal 11 (2012) 37
8. M. Wollenhaupt, C. Lux, M. Krug and T. Baumert: "Tomographic Reconstruction of Designer Free-Electron Wave Packets", ChemPhysChem 14 (2013) 1341
9. M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug, J. Köhler, T. Bayer, C. Sarpe-Tudoran and T. Baumert: "Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation", Appl. Phys. B 95 (2009) 245
10. K.L. Reid: "Photoelectron angular distributions: developments in applications to isolated molecular systems", Mol. Phys. 110 (2012) 131
11. K.L. Reid: "Photoelectron angular distributions", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54 (2003) 397

Keywords for preparation:

• Experimental structure and function
• Abel transformation / inversion
• Examples: e.g. mapping atomic wave functions
• Discuss a physical experiment with imaging PES (e.g. R. Wiehle et al. 2003 or Wollenhaupt et al. 2009)

Literature to get started:

1. I. Powis: "Photoelectron Circular Dichroism in Chiral Molecules", Adv. Chem. Phys. 138 (2008) 267
2. L. Nahon, G.A. Garcia, C.J. Harding, E. Mikajlo, I. Powis: "Determination of chiral asymmetries in the valence photoionisation of camphor enantiomers by photoelectron imaging using tunable circularly polarized light", J Chem Phys 125 (2006 ) 114309
3. I. Powis: "Photoelectron circular dichroism" In: Comprehensive chiroptical spectroscopy Wiley (2012)
4. C. Lux, M. Wollenhaupt, T. Bolze, Q. Liang, J. Köhler, C. Sarpe: "Circular Dichroism in the Photoelectron Angular Distributions of Camphor and Fenchone from Multiphoton Ionisation with Femtosecond Laser Pulses", Angew Chem Int Ed 51 (2012 ) 5001
5. M. Pitzer, M. Kunitski, A.S. Johnson, T. Jahnke, H. Sann, F. Sturm: "Direct Determination of Absolute Molecular Stereochemistry in Gas Phase by Coulomb Explosion Imaging", Science 341 (2013 ) 1096
6. M.H.M. Janssen, I. Powis: "Detecting chirality in molecules by imaging photoelectron circular dichroism", Phys Chem Chem Phys 16 (2014) 856
7. C. Lux, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe, T. Baumert: "Photoelectron Circular Dichroism of Bicyclic Ketones from Multiphoton Ionisation with Femtosecond Laser Pulses", ChemPhysChem 16 (2015) 115

Keywords for preparation:

• Chirality (examples in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine)
• Enantiomer
• (Imaging, angle-resolving) photoelectron spectroscopy (see also topic 16)
• Legendary polynomials
• Synchrotron radiation (detailed treatment in topic 20, only touched on here)
• Multiphoton ionisation
• PECD experiments (Kampher, Fenchon)

Literature to get started:

1. Ye and S.T. Cundiff: "Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation, and Applications", Springer (2005)
2. H.R. Telle et al.: "Carrier-envelope offset phase control: A novel concept for absolute optical frequency measurement and ultrashort pulse generation", Appl. Phys. B 69 (1999) 327
3. D.J. Jones et al.: "Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis", Science 288 (2000) 635
4. Z. Wei et al, Measurement and Control of Carrier-Envelope Phase in femtosecond Ti:sapphire Laser, Chinese Academy of Sciences
5. T. Brabec and F. Krausz, "Intense few-cycle laser fields: frontiers of nonlinear optics", Rev. Mod. Phys. 72 (2000) 545
6. J. Rauschenberger: Phase-stabilised Ultrashort Laser Systems for Spectroscopy, PhD Thesis, LMU (2007)
7. S. Koke, C. Grebing, H. Frei, A. Anderson, A. Assion, G. Steinmeyer: "Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise", Nature Phot. 4 (2010) 462
8. S. Baker, I.A. Walmsley, J.W.G. Tisch and J.P. Marangos: "Femtosecond to attosecond light pulses from a molecular modulator", Nature Phot. 5 (2011) 664
9. G. Cerullo, A. Baltuska, O.D. Mücke and C. Vozzi: "Few-optical-cycle light pulses with passive carrier-envelope phase stabilisation", Laser Photonics Rev. 5 (2011 ) 323
10. U. Keller: "Ultrafast Lasers: A Comprehensive Introduction to Fundamental Principles with Practical Applications", Springer (2021)

Keywords for preparation:

• Carrier Envelope Phase (CEP)
• f-to-2f interferometer / octave-wide spectra
• Active CEP stabilisation
• Passive CEP stabilisation (DFG: Difference Frequency Generation)
• Light wave synthesiser

Literature to get started:

Reviews:

1. P.B. Corkum and F. Krausz: "Attosecond Science", Nature Phys. 3 (2007) 381
2. M.F. Kling and M.J.J. Vrakking: "Attosecond Electron Dynamics", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 59 (2008) 463
3. F. Krausz and M. Ivanov: "Attosecond physics", Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 (2009) 163
4. Attosecond Science: Recent
5. L. Gallmann, C. Cirelli and U. Keller: "Attosecond Science: Recent Highlights and Future Trends", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 63 (2012) 447

Articles:

1. P. Bucksbaum: "The Future of Attosecond Spectroscopy", Science 317 (2007) 766
2. E. Goulielmakis et al: "Attosecond Control and Measurement: Lightwave Electronics", Science 317 (2007) 769
3. H. Kapteyn, O. Cohen, I. Christov and M. Murnane: "Harnessing Attosecond Science in the Quest for Coherent X-rays", Science 317 (2007) 775
4. A.N. Pfeiffer et al.: " Attoclock reveals natural coordinates of the laser-induced tunnelling current flow in atoms", Nature Phys. 8 (2012) 76
5. P. Ranitovic et al: "Attosecond vacuum UV coherent control of molecular dynamics", PNAS 111 (2014) 912

Keywords for preparation:

• Strong-field ionisation of atoms and molecules
• Keldysh parameter
• MPI vs. tunnel ionisation
• 3-step model
• Generation of high harmonics
• Attosecond streaking
• Tomography of molecular orbitals
• Electron localisation
• Atto-clock
• Stereo ATI

Literature to get started:

1. How does it work?
2. XFEL at SLAC
3. H. Chapman et al: "Femtosecond X-ray protein nanocrystallography", Nature 470 (2011) 73
4. Gijs v. d. Schot et al.: "Imaging single cells in a beam of live cyanobacteria with an X-ray laser", Nature Comm. 6 (2015) 5704
5. Luis F. Gomez et al: "Shapes and vorticities of superfluid helium nanodroplets", Science 345 (214) 906

Keywords for preparation:

• Fundamentals of free electron lasers: SLAC, DESY, FLASH, Spring8 (Japan)
• 2D diffraction on clusters and biomolecules (tomography)
• Ultrafast Molecular Imaging (CUI at DESY)