As the world of terminology at university can be quite confusing, a small glossary has been compiled:

International Office
Organisation of a university for the interests of prospective foreign students and
students as well as Germans who wish to study abroad.

General higher education entrance qualification
Authorisation to study all subject areas at all universities in the Federal Republic of Germany. The A. H. is obtained, for example, with the Abitur, but also usually by completing a first degree programme (e.g. at a university of applied sciences).

ASB
General Student Counselling Service. SEE ZSB.

Assistant
Colloquial term for a member of academic staff who also teaches courses.

AStA - Allgemeiner Studentenausschuss
Self-governing body that represents the interests of students at universities and for whose financing contributions are levied on enrolment or re-registering students. The members are elected each year by the student parliament.

Auditorium maximum (Audimax)
Largest lecture theatre at a university.

Foreigners
Special conditions apply to this group of people for admission to a degree programme. Foreign nationals with German university entrance qualifications and nationals of an EU member state do not count as A.

Selection procedure
For degree programmes where the demand for study places has always been higher than the actual number available in the past, an A. is often carried out to allocate them. In the A., the majority of places are allocated according to merit (average grade of the higher education entrance qualification) and a smaller proportion according to waiting period.

BA
Bachelor of Arts.

Bachelor
First academic, international degree at universities and universities of applied sciences after 6 semesters.

BAföG
Federal Training Assistance Act. Colloquially also the scholarship that can be obtained under this law.

Belegen
Entry of the courses attended in the student's personal academic records. The academic records serve as proof of course attendance and must be submitted to the Examinations Office when registering for examinations.

Leave of absence
Students can be granted leave of absence from their studies for important reasons upon proposal, but not in the first semester. Important reasons are e.g. illness, pregnancy, study abroad. A semester on leave does not count as a subject semester, but as a university semester. You keep your place at university without having to take credits. Under insurance law, however, a student on leave of absence is not a student, which also has a negative impact on the possibility of taking on "student jobs".

Foreign nationals with Germanuniversity entrance qualifications
Foreign nationals and stateless persons who have a German university entrance qualification. They have equal opportunities with Germans when it comes to admission to higher education.

Block course
Course that does not take place regularly over the course of a semester (a certain number of hours each week), but is concentrated over a period of several consecutive days/weeks.

BSc
Bachelor of Science.

Campus
University campus.

Credit
Credit point. Unit of measurement for the amount of time spent studying in modularised degree programmes. In ECTS, for example, one credit corresponds to one sixtieth of the annual workload of a student.

Credit point
Credit point. Describes the individual performance of a student in modularised degree programmes and is calculated by multiplying credits by the grade points achieved.

c.t.
Abbreviation for "cum tempore" (Latin: with time). Courses that are announced with the suffix c.t. start a quarter of an hour later than stated ("academic quarter") (cf. s.t.).

DAAD
German Academic Exchange Service. Offers information and programmes relating to studying abroad and foreign students. DAAD information brochures are available from the International Offices.

Dean
University lecturer who is the elected head of a department/school.

Dean's Office
Department/faculty administration.

Diplom
Previously a standard degree in the fields of technology, natural sciences, sometimes in the social sciences and the performing (e.g. music) and creative (e.g. design) arts. The Diplom is an academic degree awarded by the respective university.

Dissertation
S. Doctorate.

Double degree
Simultaneous study of two degree programmes with different final examinations.

Lecturer
Colloquial: Lecturer at a university.

ECTS
"EuropeanCredit Transfer System". The ECTS enables students to easily recognise credits earned at home and abroad. A certain number of points are allocated to each course of a specific study programme/course, which are then credited upon successful completion of a course. However, the prerequisite is that the participating universities have created the conditions for the introduction of ECTS (e.g. allocation of ECTS credits for the individual courses).

Enrolment
S. Enrolment.

ESG
Protestant Student Community.

Excursion
Supplementary event outside the university to illustrate and deepen the subject matter, e.g. visits to industrial plants, soil formations, archaeological sites, etc., depending on the course.

De-registration
Removal from the list of students at a university.

Department/Faculty
Universities are divided into departments or faculties (or both), which organise and structure teaching and research for various related subjects.

Department Council/Faculty Council
Representation of the members of the university belonging to the department/faculty, elected according to status groups (professors, academic and artistic staff, students, technical and administrative staff). The F. is responsible for all matters relating to the department/faculty, particularly in the areas of research and teaching.

Subject-restricted higher education entrance qualification
Higher education entrance qualification for a specific subject or group of subjects, including at academic institutions of higher education (universities). In Lower Saxony, the vocational upper secondary schools conclude with an F. H., just as the "Immaturenprüfung" (or "Z-Prüfung") represents such a higher education entrance qualification.

Fachhochschule
F. offer mainly application-oriented degree programmes in the fields of technology, social sciences, design and business, among others.

Fachhochschulreife
This is awarded on successful completion of a Fachoberschule (12th year). The transfer certificate from year 12 to year 13 of the upper secondary school in conjunction with a one-year supervised internship, the transfer certificate from year 11 to year 12 of the upper secondary school in conjunction with at least two years of academic appointment as well as numerous vocational qualifications also constitute an F.

Student body
Organisation of the students of a department/faculty. A Student council is elected once a year.

Student council (FSR)
Elected representation of the students of a department/faculty, which looks after their interests.

Subject-related semesters
Semesters in which a student was enrolled in one and the same degree programme. Leave semesters are not subject semesters, but are counted as university semesters.

Subject counselling
Is offered by one or more members of the teaching staff ("subject advisor") of a subject, usually once a week during the lecture period. The F. provides help with questions regarding specialised studies.

Change of subject
Change of degree programme or subject (e.g. for teaching degree programmes). In the case of an F., special regulations must be observed for BAföG recipients, which should be enquired about at the counselling centres.

School
S.Department/Faculty.

FH
S. University of Applied Sciences.

Women's Representative/Equal Opportunities Officer
They represent the interests of female university members centrally and decentrally (Departments/Schools and other higher education institutions).

Guest students
Participants in individual courses, generally without the intention or opportunity to take an examination. G. students do not require a university entrance qualification. However, attending courses as a G. is often subject to a fee if you are not simultaneously enrolled on another degree programme.

grade point
Grade point. Assessment of an individual examination performance.

Committees
University advisory or decision-making bodies such as the University Senate, Departmental/Faculty Council.

Basic studies
First stage of study in degree programmes with conventional degrees (Diplom, M.A., State Examination), which is usually completed with an intermediate examination (for M.A. and teaching degree programmes) or the Diplom preliminary examination. At universities it usually lasts 4 semesters, at universities of applied sciences 2 to 4.

Main study programme
Second stage of study in degree programmes with conventional degrees (Diplom, M.A., State Examination), which requires the successful completion of the basic study programme and in which selected subject areas (specialisations, fields of study, etc.) are usually studied in greater depth. Depending on the degree programme, the main course of study is usually completed with a university or state examination.

HiWis
Colloquial abbreviation for graduate research assistants and student assistants. HiWis must have successfully completed a university degree programme. They perform supporting tasks in research and teaching for less than half of their regular working hours. As a rule, S. H. must have completed three semesters of a degree programme and be enrolled at a university. They perform supporting activities in research, teaching, administration and library services.
The abbreviation comes from the language used by the German Wehrmacht during the Second World War (especially during the war against the Soviet Union) and its use is therefore not unproblematic. The term "Hiwis" ("Hilfswillige") was used to describe collaborators from the occupied countries who initially provided unarmed auxiliary services for the German occupying power, but were later increasingly integrated into the armed repressive apparatus, including active participation in the extermination of Jews and other unpopular opponents of the Nazi regime.

University Council
A body of the university consisting of seven members who may not belong to the respective university. The H. advises the Presidential Board and University Senate and is involved in the selection of the President, among other things.

University semester
The number of semesters a student is enrolled at a university (including semesters on leave).

Higher education entrance qualification
Certificate or attestation that entitles the holder to study at a higher education institution: e.g. certificate of general higher education entrance qualification (usually Abitur), certificate of entrance qualification for universities of applied sciences, etc.

Enrolment
Enrolment in the list of students for a specific (partial) degree programme. For degree programmes with restricted admissions, a letter of acceptance is required, which can only be issued after an application has been submitted. The enrolment application must be submitted to the relevant university (Admissions Office, Student Administration Office) by the deadline, sometimes in person.

Admissions office ("I-Amt ")
(locally also "Student Administration Office"). Institution of the university that is responsible, among other things, for the application procedure, allocation of study places and enrolment.

Immaturenprüfung
Colloquial term for the examination for subject-related university admission for prospective students without a formal university entrance qualification in Lower Saxony. Participation in the examination is subject to certain conditions, such as a long period of employment or a comparable occupation (including, for example, bringing up children).

Intensive degree programme
In an I.-S., the average study time is shortened by at least 30 percent due to flexible use of the academic year, including semester breaks and additional support services. I.-S. are available in Lower Saxony as both undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes.

International Office
S. International Office.

International Student Card
Is usually available from the AStA on presentation of the student ID and a photo and enables, among other things, price reductions for students when studying abroad.

International degree programme
An i. S. usually includes at least 1 semester at a foreign university. Good knowledge of the respective national language is required, and courses are often taught in a foreign language. The i. S. usually conclude with a Bachelor's/Master's degree. However, it is sometimes possible to obtain a double degree after successfully completing the programme (e.g. the German Diplom and the French Ingénieur-Maître).

Institute
Smallest academic organisational unit of a university.

Junior professor
A junior researcher with a fixed-term employment contract to qualify for the duties of a professor.

Chancellor
Previously: Head of university administration. Will be replaced by a full-time Vice President (responsible for personnel and financial administration) in accordance with the new Lower Saxony Higher Education Act.

KHG
Catholic University Community.

Colloquium
Course in the form of a round table discussion on specific academic problems, often in preparation for exams and with guest lectures.

Annotated course catalogue
Most subjects or subjects/faculties publish a K. V. at the beginning of a semester, which contains detailed information on the courses offered.

Fellow student
(From Middle Latin) Term for a fellow student.

Health insurance
To enrol, students must present a K. or - if insured with a private insurer - a formal exemption. As a rule, students are covered by their parents' family insurance.

Lecturers
Persons who teach courses that supplement the teaching programme. As a rule, lecturers must have completed an academic or scientific/artistic degree programme and demonstrate pedagogical aptitude.

Courses
All teaching events at a university such as seminars, exercises, lectures and laboratories.

Coursecertificate (Schein)
Marked or unmarked certificate of successful participation in a course. Course certificates can be awarded on the basis of a written or oral examination, presentations, etc. As a rule, in every degree programme with conventional degrees (Diplom, M.A., State Examination), a number of course certificates specified in the examination regulations must be submitted as a prerequisite for admission to intermediate and final examinations.

Leistungspunkt
S. credit point

Lektor
A L. teaches courses independently, particularly in the areas of living foreign languages and regional studies. As a rule, lecturers must have a university degree and speak a native language to be taught.

MA
Master of Arts.

M.A.
Magister Artium. The most common master's degree. The Magister is an academic degree awarded by a university on the basis of its examination regulations. In contrast to the Diplom degree programme, a Magister degree generally requires a combination of at least two so-called main subjects or one main subject and two minor subjects, which do not have to be related to each other. The Magister is the most common degree programme in the humanities in Germany.

Magister
S. M.A.

Master
International degree. The Master's degree is an academic degree with a subject-related suffix: e.g. M. of Science. The prerequisite for admission to a Master's degree programme is usually the completion of a previous relevant degree programme (e.g. Bachelor's degree). In terms of value, it is roughly comparable to the Diplom.

Matriculation number
Register of students at a university.

Student IDnumber
Every student receives a student ID number upon enrolment. It is their university "identification number", so to speak.

Canteen
Canteen run by the Studentenwerk, which offers students and staff of the university inexpensive meals.

Mittelbau
Colloquially the group of academic or artistic staff (e.g. assistant, academic councillor).

Modularised degree programme
In a m. S., the course content is divided into small modules, each with only a few courses, which are examined during the course of study and thus form part of the degree. M. S. programmes make it easier for students to move between universities. Bachelor's and Master's degree programmes, for example, are modularised. See also ECTS

MSc
Master of Science.

MWK
Ministry of Science and Culture (Lower Saxony). Responsible for university matters, among other things.

n.c. (numerus clausus)
In the strict sense, the restriction of the number of study places in degree programmes that are in high demand. Colloquially also the grade point average required in a particular semester in order to be admitted to a degree programme whose places were allocated in a selection procedure.

NHG
Lower Saxony Higher Education Act.

n.n.
This abbreviation ("nomen nominandum") is always used in the course catalogue, for example, when it is certain that a particular course will take place or a task (e.g. subject advising) is to be carried out, but the person responsible has not yet been determined.

Orientation period
In many degree programmes, introductory courses are offered by lecturers and/or students from higher semesters (tutors) at the start of the programme. All questions relating to the start of the degree programme and beyond can be discussed at these events. This is a particularly good opportunity for first-year students to make initial contacts.

President
Head of a university elected for six or eight years. The President represents the university externally and heads its Presidential Board with authority to issue directives.

Presidential Board
The President heads the university. It consists of at least 2, but usually more members: President and full-time Vice President, possibly further Vice Presidents.

Internship
Mostly subject-related activities to be completed outside the university (e.g. teaching internship, company internship). Within the university, internships are understood to be experimental work carried out by students under supervision (e.g. botanical internships in the subject of biology). (Cf. "pre-study internship")

Internship semester
At universities of applied sciences, at least one P. is integrated into almost all degree programmes, during which no other courses have to be completed in addition to the subject-related activity.

Professor
Official title for a university teacher.

Doctorate
Procedure for proving the ability to carry out independent academic work which, if successful, leads to a doctorate. As a rule, a doctorate requires the completion of a university degree programme with a high grade (grade "good" or better). Part of the doctorate is the preparation of an independent scientific thesis, which should provide new scientific knowledge, as well as an oral examination (thesis defence or viva voce). Generally a prerequisite for an academic career.

Preparatory course
Courses preceding the first semester of a degree programme, also known as preliminary courses. They serve to impart prior knowledge which is not generally part of the school education leading to a university entrance qualification, but which is required for the chosen degree programme from the outset, e.g. Russian or Italian language skills for corresponding philological, mathematics skills for engineering degree programmes.

ExaminationsOffice
The P. is responsible for the formal processing of examinations. Here you can find out, for example, how to register and receive information about deadlines.

Examination regulations
The P. regulates the type and procedure of examinations. It provides information on examination sections, compulsory examination subjects, special requirements for examination registrations, the preparation of the final thesis, etc. In particular, the P. lists the course certificates or credits to be obtained for the intermediate and main examinations.

Lateral entry
Entry to a higher semester in a degree programme not previously studied on the basis of recognised achievements from the previous degree programme for the new degree programme.

Legal advice
Information on free counselling for students is provided by the ASten and the Studentenwerke.

Standard period of study
The examination regulations specify the period of time in which the degree programme should be completed. However, the standard period of study hardly ever corresponds to the actual average period of study. In practice, most degree programmes take longer than the number of semesters specified in the R. for various reasons.

Rector
Previously: Head of a university with a rectorate constitution, who had to come from among the university teachers of the respective university. In Lower Saxony only for a transitional period, as according to the new Lower Saxony Higher Education Act, all universities will in future be headed by Presidents and Presidential Boards.

Seriesof lectures
(Often interdisciplinary) series of lectures on an overarching topic by different speakers.

Re-registering students
At the end of the lecture period of a semester, students must formally declare their intention to continue studying in the next semester and pay the prescribed semester fee. Students who fail to re-register can be de-registered, i.e. lose their university membership.

Schein
S. Course certificate.

Self-study
Independent development and acquisition of study content. In addition to the courses listed in the study or examination regulations, this is a natural and indispensable part of every degree programme. When determining the scope of the courses to be taken, this is taken into account and appropriate space is left, although there are often differences between universities of applied sciences and universities.

Semester
Latin: "period of six months"; term for the academic semester. The academic year is usually divided into a winter semester (WS) and a summer semester (SS). The semester comprises the lecture period and the lecture-free period. At some universities there are also other divisions of the academic year (see trimester)

Semester fee
Every student must pay an amount that varies from university to university upon enrolment or re-registering student, e.g. for student affairs, student services (social contribution) and similar. The semester fee often also includes a semester public transport pass.

Semester breaks
Lecture-free periods between the lecture periods of the semesters. However, these are by no means "holidays", as examinations and internships often have to be completed during this time, as well as follow-up work and preparations for courses.

Semester public transport pass
A low-cost ticket introduced at many universities which, in conjunction with the student ID card, entitles the holder to use public transport for one semester.

Semesterwochenstunden (SWS)
Number of hours that are allocated to courses in non-modular degree programmes in each week of a semester. The scope of the courses and the scope of the entire degree programme is specified in SWS. This does not include time for preparation and follow-up work for the courses or for self-study.

Seminar
1. course led by one or more lecturers, to which students must contribute through their own work (e.g. presentations).
2. designation of a university organisational unit (e.g. history department).

UniversitySenate
Central university body that decides on regulations, development planning, etc. of the university. It also decides on a proposal for the appointment of the President.

s.t.
Abbreviation for "sine tempore" (Latin for "without time"). Courses whose start is announced with this addition begin punctually at the specified time. If you are expecting the "academic quarter", you will be late (cf. c.t).

Social contribution
All students must pay a social contribution to the Studentenwerk each semester. The social contribution is used to cover the costs of the Studentenwerk's social facilities (canteen, cafeteria, halls of residence, etc.).

Social counselling
Counselling service provided by the Studentenwerk and often also the ASTA for students with social problems, e.g. with student finance.

SS
Summer semester.

State Examination
Degree in almost all teaching degree programmes, Medicine, Dentistry, Veterinary Medicine, Law, Pharmacy and Food Chemistry. These degree programmes are regulated on the basis of state or national examination regulations. Teaching degree programmes in Lower Saxony comprise 1 to 3 different teaching subjects, for vocational schools additionally a vocational subject, which must be combined in accordance with certain regulations.

Scholarships
S. are awarded by various institutions, which are often ideologically, party-politically or group-specific orientated. The award criteria are usually based on the BAföG regulations, but the benefits are more generous. The universities have liaison lecturers from the major scholarship organisations, whose names can be obtained from the ZSBs or are often listed in the course catalogue.

Student parliament ("Stupa ")
The student parliament is the elected representation of the entire student body of a university. It is usually elected once a year and appoints the ASTA.

Student ID card
Every student receives an S. after enrolment. The S. is valid for one semester.

Student Administration Office
S. Admissions office.

Studentenwerk
Organisation for the social support and promotion of students at a university or university region. The following facilities, among others, are run by the Studentenwerk: canteen, halls of residence, Bafög office, accommodation and housing agency, sometimes also psychotherapeutic counselling centres, social counselling.

Student Counselling
S. ZSB, ASB and subject-specific student counselling.

Academic records
S. refers to a folder in which the courses attended are entered and all academic records (e.g. certificates) are collected. The academic records serve as proof of course attendance and must be submitted to the Examinations Office when registering for examinations (cf. "belegen").

Dean of Studies
The S. is part of the management of the Department/School (Dean's Office). He/she is responsible, among other things, for ensuring the range of courses offered and the academic counselling of a department/faculty.

Degree programme
A course of study in one or more subjects regulated by study and examination regulations leading to a specific professional qualification, e.g. Bachelor's, Diplom or Magister. Degree programmes are "undergraduate" if they do not - like supplementary and postgraduate degree programmes - already require a university degree

Tuition fee
If there is no more study credit available, a student at state universities in Lower Saxony must pay a tuition fee of EUR 500. In certain cases, a partial or full waiver of the tuition fee is possible.

Study credit
Every student at state universities in Lower Saxony has a one-off S. equal to the standard period of study for the respective degree programme plus 4 tolerance semesters for undergraduate degree programmes. For postgraduate degree programmes, the S. is equal to the standard period of study. Tuition-free study is possible during this period. In certain cases (e.g. child-raising periods), an increase in the S. is possible.

Academic year, "Akademisches Jahr"
At universities, the period from 1 October to 30 September of the following year ("academic year"), at universities of applied sciences generally the period from 1 September to 31 August of the following year.

Study regulations
The study regulations specify the examination regulations. They show the exact distribution of subjects and hours.

Exchange of university places
Students who have been offered a place at a university other than the one they wish to study at due to restricted admission can exchange their place. To do so, you will need your letter of enrolment, an exchange partner and the approval of both universities. Application forms are available from the university's student secretariat. Exchange partners can be found in adverts in local and national newspapers and on the Internet (e.g. keyword "exchange of university places").

Field of study / specialisation
These terms are used to describe the specialisation options in the individual degree programmes as defined in the examination regulations. These usually begin in the 2nd study phase and are listed in the degree certificates. (roughly synonymous: "specialisation", "specialisation")

Studying without "Abitur"
In Lower Saxony, it is also possible to study without a formal higher education entrance qualification if you have certain academic appointments (e.g. master craftsman's examination). Further information can be obtained from the university counselling centres. See also Immaturenprüfung.

SWS
S. Semester hours per week.

Trimester
Latin: "period of 3 months". Colloquially, however, the division of the academic year into 3 sections (of 4 months each), (cf. semester).

Tutor
Generally a student in a higher semester who supervises student working groups of a technical or social nature (e.g. in the orientation period or in introductory courses).

Tutorials
Small practice courses that accompany courses and are led by student tutors. The term is also used for introductory courses supervised by students.

Exercise
Course that usually serves to consolidate the material covered in a lecture.

Semester of leave
S. Leave of absence.

Distribution procedure
A special form of restricted admission. In the V., every applicant is guaranteed a study place, but is allocated to the individual participating universities according to social criteria, so that applicants do not always get into the desired university.

Specialisation
S. Field of study.

Administrative fee
As a rule, every student at state universities in Lower Saxony has to pay an administrative fee of EUR 50 per semester or EUR 33 per trimester.

Vordiplom, Vorprüfung
Colloquial term for the intermediate examination or Diplom preliminary examination after the basic study programme.

Preliminary course
S. Preparatory course.

Lecture
Course in the form of a lecture.

Course catalogue
Contains the entire range of courses offered by the university in the upcoming semester and is usually available in local bookshops. The V. also lists the lecturers and other useful information. However, the V. only contains a list of the individual courses. More detailed descriptions and further information, such as bibliographical references, can be found in the annotated V. of the individual subjects or departments/schools.

Pre-study work placement
A work placement that must be completed before starting the degree programme. Depending on the Federal State, university or degree programme, it may be 6 weeks or, for example, 26 weeks. In the case of relevant previous education, e.g. a specialised secondary school certificate in the same subject area or relevant vocational training, it may be waived in whole or in part.

V V
General assembly of students at a university or department/school.

Elective subject
Subject that can be freely chosen from an often very extensive catalogue - sometimes also from another subject area.

Compulsory elective subject
Subject that must be selected from a fixed catalogue of subjects in accordance with examination or study regulations.

Waiting period
Time between obtaining the higher education entrance qualification and the intended start of studies in semesters, but not including the time already spent studying at a German higher education institution. The W. is important for the allocation of study places in the selection procedure.

Further study programmes
Further study programmes generally require previous higher education and/or academic appointments relevant to the degree programme in question as admission requirements. This does not always require a university entrance qualification, as is necessary for undergraduate degree programmes. Postgraduate degree programmes are aimed at those interested in improving their previous higher education and/or academic appointments. Some of these programmes are part-time and some conclude with a formal university degree (e.g. Diplom, Master's).
The designations of the w.S. are not uniformly regulated: they include "postgraduate degree programmes", "continuing education degree programmes", "supplementary degree programmes", etc.)

WS
Winter semester.

Central facilities
This includes the administrative-independent service centres of a university, e.g. ZSB (in part), library, centre for university sports.

Z-Prüfung
S. Immaturenprüfung.

ZSB
Central Student Advisory Service. Advice centre at the universities or for university regions for prospective and current students and anyone else interested in studying. The counselling centres provide information about degree programmes and advice on, for example, choosing a course of study and study-related difficulties.

Admission procedure
S.Selection procedure, allocation procedure.

ZVS
Central Office for the Allocation of Study Places (Dortmund). Responsible, among other things, for the selection and distribution of applicants for some degree programmes that are subject to nationwide restricted admission, such as Medicine, Psychology and Business Administration.

Second educational pathway
Designation of the educational pathway of people who, after leaving school without a higher education entrance qualification, have completed vocational training and/or have worked in an academic appointment or comparable occupation and have taken up higher education studies in various ways (e.g. higher education entrance qualification through evening classes, university entrance examination).

Second degree
Further undergraduate studies after successfully completing a first degree programme.

Intermediate examination
Examination after completion of the basic course of study (also known as Vordiplom or Vorprüfung, depending on the degree programme).

ZVS
Central Office for the Allocation of Study Places (Dortmund). Responsible, among other things, for the selection and distribution of applicants for some degree programmes that are subject to nationwide restricted admission, such as Medicine, Psychology and Business Administration.

Second educational pathway
Designation of the educational pathway of people who, after leaving school without a higher education entrance qualification, have completed vocational training and/or have worked in an academic appointment or comparable occupation and have taken up higher education studies in various ways (e.g. higher education entrance qualification through evening classes, university entrance examination).

Second degree
Further undergraduate studies after successfully completing a first degree programme.

Intermediate examination
Examination after completion of the basic course of study (also referred to as intermediate diploma or preliminary examination, depending on the degree programme).